Geraniol is an olefin terpene and inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis.

Germacrone is a sesquiterpene compound with multiple biological activities and can inhibit the H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A virus and the influenza B virus.

Ginkgolide A is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.

Ginkgolide B, a terpene lactone, is a potent platelet activating factor antagonist.

Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions.

Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng and it inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

Ginsenoside Rb2 is one of the main bioactive components of ginseng extracts and can upregulate GPR120 gene expression.

Ginsenoside Rb3 is extracted from steamed Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rb3 exhibits inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in 293T cell lines. Ginsenoside Rb3 also inhibits the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA.

Ginsenoside Rc, one of major Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, enhances GABA receptorA (GABAA)-mediated ion channel currents (IGABA). Ginsenoside Rc inhibits the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells, inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA, also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9.

Ginsenoside Re is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ).

Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.

Ginsenoside Rg2 is one of the major active components of ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expressions stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ginsenoside Rg2 also reduces Aβ1-42 accumulation.

Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the major active components of ginseng.

Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.