Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions.

7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin is a crucial intermediate of Irinotecan hydrochloride.

Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng and it inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.

Ginsenoside Rb2 is one of the main bioactive components of ginseng extracts and can upregulate GPR120 gene expression.

Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist.

Ginsenoside Rb3 is extracted from steamed Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rb3 exhibits inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in 293T cell lines. Ginsenoside Rb3 also inhibits the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA.

Cholic Acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Ginsenoside Rc, one of major Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, enhances GABA receptorA (GABAA)-mediated ion channel currents (IGABA). Ginsenoside Rc inhibits the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid that can promote intrahepatic cholestasis.

Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells, inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA, also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9.

Allocholic acid is a trihydroxy bile acid with 5α-configuration.

Ginsenoside Re is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ).

Sodium tauroglycocholate is a multifunctional surfactant and penetration enhancer that can serve as a cholegraphic contrast agent.

Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.

Paclitaxel is a natural product and a microtubule polymer stabilizer.